{"id":22307,"date":"2024-07-02T22:35:37","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T15:35:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cskbs.com\/?p=22307"},"modified":"2024-07-02T22:52:11","modified_gmt":"2024-07-02T15:52:11","slug":"tai-nguyen-giao-duc-mo-cau-chuyen-chuyen-doi-so-cua-khoa-hoc-giao-duc-hien-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cskbs.com\/tai-nguyen-giao-duc-mo-cau-chuyen-chuyen-doi-so-cua-khoa-hoc-giao-duc-hien-dai","title":{"rendered":"T\u00c0I NGUY\u00caN GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C M\u1ede \u2013 C\u00c2U CHUY\u1ec6N CHUY\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ed4I S\u1ed0 C\u1ee6A KHOA H\u1eccC GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng cho m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc; kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ecdc; kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf (Open Education) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb tri th\u1ee9c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb xa. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Internet gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

PGS.TS Phan Th\u1ecb Thanh Th\u1ea3o, Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xoay chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1edf ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edf n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

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PGS.TS Phan Th\u1ecb Thanh Th\u1ea3o, Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n UNESCO n\u0103m 2002 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a OpenCourseWare (kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1edf) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 2005, UNESCO k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf (OER) tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 OER c\u1ee7a UNESCO \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 193 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Trung, V\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a OER trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chia s\u1ebb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, kinh nghi\u1ec7m, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u00a0n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u00a0\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch Covid-19. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t do V\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ecdc li\u1ec7u n\u00ean t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf chung cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u1ebb chia n\u00ean ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u01a1i tri\u1ec3n khai OER, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ecdc li\u1ec7u mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, ch\u01b0a \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb OER”, \u00f4ng Trung cho hay.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng OER \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, theo PGS. TS Nguy\u1ec5n Thu Th\u1ee7y, V\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng V\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tham gia khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n OER c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t nam hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3n \u0111\u1ea7u xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n giao Tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7aTr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 cho ra m\u1eaft s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a D\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf v\u00e0 lan t\u1ecfa tri th\u1ee9c t\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edf<\/em><\/strong>\u201d, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a PGS.TS Phan Th\u1ecb Thanh Th\u1ea3o \u2013 Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4, TS. Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng Hi\u1ec7p, ThS Nguy\u1ec5n Linh Chi v\u00e0 V\u0169 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Duy, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n giao Tri th\u1ee9c \u2013 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u2013 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Theo ThS. Nguy\u1ec5n Linh Chi \u201cCu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi lan t\u1ecfa s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u1edf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1edf, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1edbithi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n truy c\u1eadp tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

TS. Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng Hi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, thay m\u1eb7t nh\u00f3m gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u201cTh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf\u201d, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 300 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh doanh-kinh t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. \u201cD\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 cho t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4 trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n\u201d, PGS.TS Phan Th\u1ecb Thanh Th\u1ea3o, Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb Internet v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf, vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111ang d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t xu th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edf s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y, h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edf c\u0169ng gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9:<\/i><\/b> <\/span><\/p>\n